2025 Net Recap

Tonight's discussion will be a very short recap of our activities in 2025:

During the 12 radio nets held from January through November of 2025, 22 individual stations checked in to the net at least once, with a combined total of 135 individual checkins.

Over these months we have also logged 31 Winlink messages from net members.

At approximately 15 minutes per radio net, that translates to over 33 cumulative hours spent training and testing our equipment. I thank you for being with us as often as possible!

If there are topics you wish to discuss during future radio nets, please send those ideas to me by email or text message.

I look forward to our net meetings in the coming year and I hope you all have a wonderful Christmas season!

Emergency Power Revisited

For tonight's training we will review the calculation used to determine how long you could stay on the air with your existing equipment while using battery power with a base station, or with a handheld radio. We will start with a mobile radio in a base station application.

First, review the user manual for the radio that will be powered by the battery. Considering the possibility it will be necessary to operate on a simplex frequency to communicate with distant stations, I suggest using the specifications for the maximum transmit power when you make this calculation. For my Kenwood TMD700, the spec sheet indicates a draw of 11.5 amps while transmitting at 50 watts in the 2 meter band, with a 1 amp draw when receiving in either band.

Next, estimate the duty cycle you could expect if you were operating in an emergency situation. This relates to the time spent transmitting, versus time spent listening. If you are acting as net control, for example, would you expect to transmit at least 50% of each hour, or maybe more? If you are a participant in the net would you transmit 20% of each hour, or more or less?

Using the specs for the Kenwood TMD700 with an estimated duty cycle of 20% transmit and 80% receive, I would multiply the 11.5 amps draw during transmit by 0.2, for the 20% of the hour spent transmitting, resulting in a sum of 2.3 amps. Then I multiply the 1 amp draw while receiving by 0.8, representing the 80% of the hour spent receiving, resulting in a sum of 0.8 amps used while listening. Add the two sums together and the total draw is 3.1 amps over the course of 1 hour at a 20/80 duty cycle.

If I had a 12 volt battery with a known amp hour rating, I would divide the amp rating of the battery by the 3.1 amps used per hour to determine how long I could stay on the air with the particular battery and duty cycle. If my battery was rated at 10 amp hours, the expected duration of operation at a 20/80 duty cycle would be just over 3 hours. With this information I can determine if I need to consider a battery with a higher amp rating, or to add a solar charging system as a viable way to increase operating time with the existing battery.

If I do not have a battery, but want to determine the amp hours I would need for a specific operational period at the same 20/80 duty cycle, such as 8 hours, I can multiply the 3.1 amps used per hour by 8 to find the minimum amp hour rating needed to operate for that amount of time at that duty cycle.

**Note: There are other things to consider, such as the ability of the battery to deliver usable voltage while discharging. For example, Sealed Lead Acid batteries do not maintain a usable voltage as long into the discharge cycle as a Lithium battery will.

The calculation process is the same for a handheld radio. Consult the manual to determine the amp consumption while receiving, as well as when transmitting. Most handhelds have a high and low transmit power setting. As in the previous scenario, I would suggest using the amp consumption rating of the highest transmit power setting for this calculation.

In the case of a handheld radio, to extend your operating time you must have additional batteries on hand, and a means to recharge spent batteries that does not require commercial power.

There are a variety of low cost handheld radios on the market with USB-C charging capable batteries, as well as a variety of solar charging portable power banks, also USB compatible. It’s still a good idea to pick up a spare battery for whatever handheld you choose, so one battery can be recharging on the portable power bank while the other battery is in use.

Coordination Test Results

On Tuesday the 14th a few of our net members participated in the County frequency coordination test. The goal was to see if the amateur, FRS and GMRS frequencies selected by each group of communicators in the valley would overlap enough to result in communications disruptions.

We started on the primary net frequencies at 6:00 p.m. with a roll call check-in. From the EOC radio, I did not notice any interference on the amateur frequencies we have been using for our monthly radio nets. When all who could participate were checked in, we moved to the FRS/GMRS frequencies I had requested through the coordination process - channels 6, 10 and 12.

In an emergency, when the goal is to make contact with each household in the ward to determine status of persons and property damage, realizing we are limited in the number of amateur licensed operators, the help of persons using FRS and GMRS radios may increase the speed of gathering that information. This is why we have requested frequencies in these bands, to allow for use of low power FRS radios among the wards, who will then report their findings to the Stake via amateur radio frequencies - if normal modes of communication are not possible.

As background, In the FRS/GMRS band plan, channels 1 - 7 have a maximum output power of 2 watts on a FRS radio and 5 watts on a GMRS radio; channels 8 - 14 are limited to 0.5 watts transmit power regardless of the radio type used. Follow this link to view the current frequency chart for FRS and GMRS.

Additionally, there are repeater channels authorized for GMRS licensees, with transmit power of up to 50 watts. Locally there are 7 GMRS repeaters available for use in an emergency. Those repeaters will be shared by all of the groups who use GMRS in their emergency communications plan, making them very busy.

While most emergency communications groups in the area will use amateur radio frequencies when normal modes of communication fail, many of these groups have also requested frequencies in the FRS and GMRS band. With only 14 non-repeater frequencies available in these bands, avoiding overlap was impossible, but hopefully the distances between users would minimize the interference.

From our participation in the exercise Tuesday, we learned that the 3 frequencies chosen in the FRS and GMRS band had significant interference. I expected this on channel 6 which has a 5 watt limit for GMRS users on that channel, but I was surprised by the interference on channels 10 and 12. This was largely due to operators transmitting way outside the power limit of 0.5 watts. 

If this were duplicated during an actual emergency, there would be too much interference to use these frequencies without applying tone squelch, however, tone squelch in an emergency is not recommended. While tone squelch can filter out unwanted interference, it will also prevent you from hearing anyone who is not using the exact same tone code, and in an emergency, you need to hear all potential rescuers or fellow survivors.

I am hopeful there will be constructive discussion regarding transmit power on FRS and GMRS frequencies during the next frequency coordination meeting in November. If necessary I will look into changing the FRS and GMRS frequencies that would be used in our communities by users with FRS radios or GMRS licenses.

October 14 Coordination Test

Cache County ARES has been actively working on frequency coordination in the valley for over a year now, hoping to keep interference from happening between the numerous city, town and faith based radio groups who will be on the air during an emergency. After all this work, there will be an opportunity this Tuesday, October 14, 2025, to get on the air on the frequencies we have selected to see if there is any interference from other groups in the valley.

This linked file includes the list of frequencies we hope to test. As you will see on the attached list, we hope to test Family Radio Service frequencies as well as amateur frequencies. 

At 6:00 p.m. this coming Tuesday, October 14, 2025 we will begin with a roll call of amateur licensed operators on the primary net frequency.

For amatuer licensed operators: I will have the cross-band repeater operational, which will especially help those stations on handheld radios. If you are not able to key up the cross band system using the split frequency, try again using the straight simplex frequency 147.420 transmit and receive.

After taking check-ins on the net frequency, for those who are able to transmit within the power limits of the FRS band (0.5 W), the frequency progression will follow the list in the attachment, and detailed below:

FRS channel 6: 462.6875

FRS Channel 10: 467.6125

FRS Channel 12: 467.6625

At approximately 6:30 we will return to the NWCV net frequency to close out the net.

If you know of persons in the area who use FRS radios, please invite them to join us for the test.

For operators in Clarkston or the other towns in the stake, it is unlikely those of us in Newton will hear you on the low power FRS frequencies, but that is okay because those frequencies are intended for the wards and local government to use over short distances as they coordinate efforts such as household evaluations. When the information is gathered at the ward/community level, reporting to the County EOC or to the Benson Stake will be completed over amateur radio frequencies with higher transmit power limits that carry longer distances.

Those with radios that will operate within the power limit, please program the 3 FRS frequencies on the list into your radios. If I can help with that please let me know. After the initial roll call of licensed amateur operators on our usual net frequency, handheld users will be asked to switch to those frequencies as we see if we can hear each other on the FRS frequencies, or have interference from other groups in the valley.

If we have participants from Clarkston or any other towns in the Stake who want to follow the progression to the FRS band, we will assign one of the operators from those communities to attempt to contact others in their community on the FRS frequencies, again, to see if there are conflicts from other groups on those frequencies, returning to the amateur net frequency at approximately 6:30 p.m.

Please reach out if you have questions.

Tactical Call Signs

Announcements:

For anyone interested in testing for an amateur license, visit this link at the BARC website to see the testing dates for the remainder of 2025: BARC Licensing Info.

Ward Specialists who do not feel ready to pursue an amateur radio license: please consider applying for a GMRS license. This is a no-test option that will help us coordinate the needs of the Stake should an emergency occur and normal modes of communication fail. Please contact me and I can help you with the process.

A county-wide radio exercise is in the planning stages for October. I will update the net participants as soon as more information is known.

Training:

One thing hams, as well as police, fire, military, government, and EMS personnel find useful while communicating during an incident is the use of tactical call signs. It's not the same as your FCC-issued call sign, and does not replace it, but can be used as a shortcut or abbreviation during an exercise or emergency.

During an actual emergency it can get really tedious, if not confusing and frustrating, if you had to remember who is where by their FCC call sign alone, possibly fumbling with unfamiliar call signs as you try to transmit important information through the net. Tactical calls can prevent such confusion and will increase the efficiency and speed in identifying a specific function or location. 

Tactical call signs should be used for all emergency nets and public service events if there are more than just a few participants. If one does not already exist, the Net Control Station (NCS) may assign the tactical call sign as each location is “opened.” Tactical call signs will usually provide some information about the location or its purpose.

For example, a station identifying as "Newton EOC” or “Benson Stake” is immediately known as to where and what they are by everyone on the net. For an operator who is not at a fixed location, the tactical call sign assigned should denote the function, or role they are assigned to, such as “Search Team 1”, or “Medic Team 1”, etc.

To expedite traffic, stations on the net can simply use the tactical call sign assigned to the location or role they want to contact without worrying about remembering the FCC call sign of the operator at the location or assigned to the role. This is especially efficient during lengthy incidents where amateur operators fulfilling an assignment have changed after their shift.

Note: It is not necessary to include your amateur call sign after each time you reply with your assigned tactical call sign, but it is necessary to comply with station identification requirements as read in Part 97 of the FCC regulations.

Here is an example of tactical call signs in use while adhering to station identification requirements:

Net Control: "Search Team 1, this is Net Control";

Search Team 1: "Go ahead, Net Control";

Net Control transmits the message and Search Team 1 acknowledges. If there are questions or clarification needed, the conversation continues. At the end of the conversation, and every 10 minutes during a longer conversation, to comply with FCC rules each station identifies with their FCC call sign after the tactical call sign:

After exchanging a short message, Net Control ends the conversation: "Net Control, N7GRF".

This weekend (Friday and Saturday) is the Bear 100 Endurance Run through Logan Canyon where the Bridgerland Amateur Radio Club will provide communication support over the Mount Logan Repeater System. This would be a good opportunity to monitor the traffic to hear how tactical calls signs are put to use.

72-hour Kit

Announcements:

For anyone interested in testing for an amateur license, or upgrading to an advanced license class, the Bridgerland Amateur Radio Club has posted the testing dates for the remainder of the year, with sessions as soon as next Saturday, August 23rd at 3:00 p.m. at the Cache County Sheriff's Office. The post of tonight's training topic will include the link to the club’s licensing page, here: BARC Licensing Info.

September is National Preparedness Month. I encourage the Specialists in each of our wards to use this as an opportunity to add a brief message to weekly Sacrament Meeting bulletins, or as Newton 3rd Ward has been doing, prepare a submission for the monthly newsletter, encouraging member preparedness.

The Church published preparedness information on the Provident Living website is a great resource, as are ready.gov and beready.utah.gov.

Ward Specialists who are not amateur radio licensed, please consider applying for a GMRS license. This is a no-test option that will help us coordinate the needs of the Stake should an emergency occur and normal modes of communication fail. Please contact me and I can help you with the process.

Training:

A 72-hour kit, also known as a "go bag" or "bug-out bag," is considered a basic level of preparedness for emergencies. It's recommended to have one for each member of your household, including children and pets.

A 72-hour kit is essential for surviving the initial days following a disaster when access to essential resources like food, water, and shelter may be limited. It's designed to help you be self-sufficient for the first 72 hours (3 days) of an emergency.

Here's why you need one:

It can take time for emergency services to reach everyone after a major disaster. A 72-hour kit provides a buffer of essential supplies while waiting for help or until you can safely assess the situation.

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A well-stocked kit allows you to meet your basic needs (water, food, shelter, warmth, first aid) without relying on external resources for the first few days.

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Knowing you have a plan and the necessary supplies can significantly reduce stress and anxiety during an emergency.

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72-hour kits are useful for various emergencies, including natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes), power outages, and even unexpected situations where you might need to evacuate your home.

Although specific contents may vary, the basic components of a 72-hour kit include ready-to-eat food, water, first-aid kit, medicine, personal hygiene products, sanitizers, radio, extra batteries, whistle, flashlight, thermal blanket, raincoat, and certified true copies of pertinent documents like birth certificates, and passports.

While 72 hours is the starting point, many recommend extending your preparedness to a week or more, especially if you live in a disaster-prone area.

There are many resources online with more specific lists of what to include in a 72-hour kit, such as the resources mentioned in the announcements tonight, which are linked on the blog post for tonight's radio net.

Response Process

Having seen posts on Social Media, and reports of the damage from other sources related to a high wind event in Clarkston last week, tonight we will briefly discuss the action phase of an emergency preparedness plan.

When an emergency occurs, ward, stake and civil emergency managers:

Account for persons living in the affected areas,

Assess the needs of the affected persons,

Respond by assisting with basic provisions and services—such as food, medical aid, temporary shelter, sanitation, and clothing. The response phase can also include coordinating cleanup of affected areas, and lastly,

Report the effects of the emergency and the actions taken to local civil authorities and to Stake leaders.

As we are familiar with in our communities, the residents of Clarkston reached out to each other to accomplish the account, assess and response steps outlined above.

When it comes to the reporting step, in some circumstances (such as the recent event in Clarkston), a more informal report of the event will suffice, relaying the information requested by the report form in another manner, such as telephone and text message communications.

This incident serves as a good reminder to become familiar with the Church Disaster Report Form, and the Cache County Emergency Management Report Form, in case these are more appropriate after a future event.

For reference, the Church Disaster report can be reviewed here.

Manual Programming

At a recent ARES meeting, the activity was to manually program a handheld radio as if we were volunteering to assist with communications at an event but did not have the frequencies already in our radio memory. It was a great exercise and tonight we will discuss the benefits of knowing how to manually program our equipment.

Knowing how to manually program a radio, even if you primarily use computer software for programming, is important for several key reasons: 

1. Flexibility and Adaptability:

• Manual programming allows for immediate adjustments to frequencies and settings without needing a computer or external software, crucial in dynamic situations where pre-programmed channels might not be sufficient.

• If you're in a location without access to a computer or the specific programming software, manual programming allows you to continue using your radio effectively. 

2. Troubleshooting and Problem-Solving:

• Manually programming helps you gain a deeper understanding of how the radio works and how the different settings affect its functionality.

• If your radio isn't functioning as expected after computer programming, understanding the manual programming process can help you troubleshoot and resolve the issue. 

3. Emergency Preparedness:

• In a disaster scenario, you might need to quickly access specific frequencies or channels that weren't pre-programmed, making manual programming essential. 

4. Skill Development and Knowledge:

• Learning to manually program a radio enhances your overall understanding and proficiency with the device.

• Knowing how to manually program your radio means you are better prepared for various communication scenarios, both routine and unexpected. 

In summary, while computer programming offers convenience and efficiency, manual programming enhances flexibility, problem-solving skills, and independent operation, making it a valuable skill for radio users, particularly in emergency situations.

Gather Critical Information

Announcements:

Upcoming Amateur Radio Exam Sessions

• Thursday, June 5th at 7:00 pm

Pre-registration Required RSVP.

Training:

Tonight's training will summarize step 2 of the Stake and Ward Emergency Preparedness Guide, Gathering Critical Information. In this section of the guide, it suggests stake and ward emergency managers compile and maintain the following information: 

• Contact data for all households and any missionaries living within stake or ward boundaries.

• A map of the area, including the locations of residences and resource locations in the community. (Consider using maps.lds.org or LDS Tools to assist with this task.)

• A list of persons with special needs, such as the disabled and the elderly.

• A list of persons with equipment or skills (such as medical or emergency response training) that would be critical in a disaster. In the case of an earthquake or other situation where significant structural damage could occur, it would also be wise to identify persons in the community with heavy equipment that might be available to help Fire and EMS with response and recovery operations.

• Contact information for public safety agencies (such as police, fire, or medical).

• Contact information for community organizations (such as the Red Cross or Red Crescent) that provide emergency services such as food, shelter, and medical care.

• Contact information for area welfare leaders and, where available, local Church welfare operations.

As a practical example of the Gathering Critical Information step, in preparation for the Newton EOC’s participation in the Great Utah Shakeout in April, a map of Newton’s Fire and EMS response zone was created using Google Maps. 

On the map, each household in the community was identified with a marker, where additional pertinent information could be recorded, such as number of occupants, medical needs that may exist, or as suggested in the planning guide, special skills, knowledge or equipment of household members could also be noted.

Emergency managers could also prepare this information in spreadsheet form using locally produced forms, or the Gather Critical Information forms found in the Emergency Planning Guide mentioned above. A link to the planning guide is here.

Lastly, a comment on emergency communications. The units making up the Benson Stake are spread out over a large area - approximately 110 square miles. If an emergency occurred that also affected communications systems, the distances between the communities in the Stake could make delivering hand-written disaster reports to the stake emergency operations center difficult.

As an example, if the stake emergency operations center was established at the building in Amalga, the driving distance from the Clarkston building is just under 12 miles. As circumstances allow we may choose a more central location for the stake emergency operations center, but even then the traveling distance for hand-delivered reports and requests would still be significant if infrastructure was damaged.

With this in mind, using radio as our backup method to communicate between the wards and the stake makes sense.

For the Ward Emergency Communications Specialists who are not radio licensed, I encourage you to work towards licensing as a means to overcome the distances between our communities. An amateur license would be preferred, but here in the Stake we can accommodate communications over GMRS frequencies as well as the amateur bands. 

GMRS licensing does not require an examination to qualify for a license and the radio equipment is just as affordable. I have a resource prepared to help those interested navigate the GMRS licensing process, and for those interested in an amateur license I can direct you to license examination study help.

2025 Shakeout Recap

Announcements:

Upcoming amateur radio exam sessions

• Saturday, April 26th at 3:00 pm

• Thursday, June 5th at 7:00 pm

Pre-registration Required RSVP

Training:

The 2025 version of the Great Utah Shakeout drill was held Thursday, April 17th, with city and faith based amateur and GMRS radio groups from all across the valley joining in. Newton Town radio operators along with Ward Emergency Communications Specialists in the Benson Stake were invited to participate. I realize the time of day may have prevented some of our net members from participating, but it was a beneficial exercise.

All radio operators who checked in to the net answered a series of assessment questions, to determine the status of persons, structures, utilities and communications at their household.

This information is helpful for both government and faith based organizations, to account for injured or deceased persons, determine who is missing, and to assess damage to homes and infrastructure. Based on the data obtained through the assessment process, emergency managers can develop a plan to respond to those needs, request resources based on the needs discovered, and report to the next level in their chain of communication.

Ward Emergency Communications Specialists had an additional assignment, to complete and submit a Church Disaster Report - using emergency modes of communication where possible - simulating injuries and damage as if a 5.9 magnitude earthquake had occurred in Cache Valley.

The simulated data received from each reporting ward indicated that across the Stake we had 50 persons injured, 4 deceased, 126 homes suffered varying levels of damage and 5 homes were destroyed. There were 171 simulated volunteers, working 1,002 hours to assess the needs of the communities, clean up the damage and to assist the 21 persons who needed to be sheltered in meetinghouses.

For the Ward Emergency Preparedness and Communications Specialists joining us tonight, I encourage you to work with the Bishop and Ward Council of your ward to identify how the assessment process will be completed if an emergency occurs, and who will have accountability for the assessments. Whether it be sectioning your ward into small groups of households with two or more persons assigned to each group, or through the existing ministering organization, this is a critical part of the response to an emergency.

If I can be of assistance as you review your Ward emergency response procedures, please reach out.

For the Newton Town radio operators who are joining us tonight, there are approximately 354 occupied households within the area covered by Newton Fire and EMS personnel. There will be plenty of opportunity to help at the EOC, or as radio operators in the field, as we work with the fire department personnel and the ward emergency managers to make sure we have surveyed each household and identified the needs of the community.

While actual emergencies are few and far between, to all of the radio operators who join us each month to test our equipment and train, I appreciate your willingness to be involved!

Great Utah Shakeout 2025

The annual "Great Utah Shakeout" exercise is planned for Thursday, April 17, 2025. This exercise simulates a 5.7 Richter scale earthquake event centered in Cache County, and will involve most of the communities in Cache County where amateur radio operators will test their ability to communicate with the County Emergency Operations Center by transmitting voice and data messages over radio frequencies.

President Flygare has approved an emergency communications test for the Wards in the Benson Stake, to be held on that same date. The purpose of the exercise is to become familiar with the Church Disaster Report form, and if at all possible to use emergency modes of communication to submit a Disaster Report to the Stake Emergency Communications Specialist - following this timeline:

Before April 17th:

The Emergency Preparedness and Emergency Communications Specialists of each Ward in the Stake are to prepare a simulated Disaster Report on the Church created form, available via this link: Disaster Report Form.

This is a .pdf fillable form that is to be used when a disaster occurs, allowing each ward to submit the effects of the disaster event at the ward level, an earthquake in this case, to the Stake.

In an actual emergency, the information submitted to the Stake on the Disaster Report will come from the household assessments described in Step 3 of the emergency planning process, Outline Assignments & Procedures, where each household is visited/contacted after the event has occured to account for persons and assess damage to residences. Every meeting house should also be evaluated for damage. Additionally, it is helpful to report the overall effect on the community, such as the status of utilities, communications systems, and roadways.

In addition to completing the reporting process from Ward to Stake, this information helps your Ward Emergency Manager know who may need medical help and/or shelter assistance, allowing them to formulate a plan to respond.

Since this is an exercise, each Ward can decide the level of injuries and damage they wish to report. If your estimation is that not much damage or injury has occured, at a minimum, please report the total number of households in your ward boundary in the "additional details" field of the report. This number is to include member and non-member households. The Ward Clerk is a resource to consult for this information.

Once the report entry is complete, please save the report as a .pdf, to be submitted on the date of the exercise.

Thursday, April 17, 2025:

The exercise for the Benson Stake will begin at approximately 6:00 p.m. on the 17th. At that time, I will open a radio net on the primary amateur frequencies used by the Benson Stake, 147.420 MHz. Stations wishing to do so may use the cross band channel with an input of 446.500 Mhz, just like we do for our monthly radio net meetings.

A roll-call check in will commence, ward by ward. When checking in, each ward will identify which of the following communication methods will be used to submit their Disaster Report:

1. Winlink:

If your ward has a licensed radio operator serving as an Emergency Communications Specialist, we encourage using Winlink to submit the form with BENSONSTKUT as the recipient of your message. If you do not have computer to radio interface equipment at this time, a Winlink telnet connection to send the message is perfectly acceptable.

**In order to submit the Disaster Report using Winlink, the Winlink compatible reporting forms must be installed on the computer that will be used. If you plan to use Winlink for this exercise, please get in touch with me as soon as possible by phone or by email.

For the Wards who will use Winlink to submit their report, after the initial roll call is complete, net control will send a Winlink request for a Disaster Report to those wards.

2. Voice using radio frequencies:

If you are amateur licensed but are not able to submit by Winlink, or are GMRS licensed only, reading your report over radio frequencies will be the next communication method we want to test.

**If you are GMRS licensed but not amateur licensed and we have not been in contact, please let me know in advance of the 17th by a text or an email.

After the initial roll-call check in is complete, net control will call one at a time for each ward who will use amateur frequencies to submit their report, and copy down the information as it is read over the air on the net frequencies described above. 

After we have received the disaster reports from wards using the primary net frequency, we will switch to a pre-determined GMRS frequency and make a call for any wards who have identified GMRS as the method they will use to submit their report. 

3. Submitting by email

For Wards that do not check in by radio, or do not have a radio operator assigned as their Emergency Communications Specialist, after the initial roll call over radio frequencies is complete, a text message will be sent to the Emergency Preparedness and Emergency Communications Specialists of these wards, requesting they send their prepared Disaster Report form to an email address that will be included in the text message.

**If internet email is not available during an actual emergency, wards who do not use radio operators as Emergency Communications Specialists would complete the reporting step by hand-delivering the prepared form to the Stake command post. For the purpose of this exercise we will allow internet emailed reports instead of requiring hand delivery.

When all participating wards have submitted a response by one of the communications methods listed above, the radio net will be closed and the exercise will be complete.

An after-action review will be held during the regularly scheduled radio net on Sunday, April 20th at 8:30 p.m. This will also be broadcast by Zoom for those who are not licensed amateur radio operators.

Please plan to participate. If you have questions about this exercise, please reach out to me by email to greg.fabricius@gmail.com or by phone using 435-757-3330.